A cord blood bank is a facility which stores umbilical cord blood for future use. Both private and public cord blood banks have developed in response to the potential for cord blood in treating diseases of the blood and immune systems. Public cord blood banks accept donations to be used for anyone in need, and as such function like public blood banks. Traditionally, public cord blood banking has been more widely accepted by the medical community.[1] Private cord blood banks store cord blood solely for potential use by the donor or donor's family. Private banks typically charge around $2,000 for the collection and around $200 a year for storage.[2]
The policy of the American Academy of Pediatrics states that "private storage of cord blood as 'biological insurance' is unwise" unless there is a family member with a current or potential need to undergo a stem cell transplantation.[3][4][5] The American Academy of Pediatrics also notes that the odds of using one's own cord blood is 1 in 200,000[6] while the National Academy of Medicine says that only 14 such procedures have ever been performed.[6] Private storage of one's own cord blood is unlawful in Italy and France, and it is also discouraged in some other European countries. The American Medical Association states "Private banking should be considered in the unusual circumstance when there exists a family predisposition to a condition in which umbilical cord stem cells are therapeutically indicated. However, because of its cost, limited likelihood of use, and inaccessibility to others, private banking should not be recommended to low-risk families."[1] The American Society for Blood and Marrow Transplantation and the American Congress of Obstetricians and Gynecologists also encourage public cord banking and discourage private cord blood banking. Nearly all cord blood transfusions come from public banks, rather than private banks,[2][5] partly because most treatable conditions can't use one's own cord blood.[3][7]
Cord blood contains hematopoietic stem cells (which can differentiate only into blood cells), and should not be confused with embryonic stem cells or pluripotent stem cells, which can differentiate into any cell in the body.[2][3] Cord blood stem cells are blood cell progenitors which can form red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets. This is why cord blood cells are currently used to treat blood and immune system related genetic diseases, cancers, and blood disorders. Cord blood is also a source of mesenchymal stem cells, which can further be differentiated to form connective tissues, bones and cartilage.[8] On the possibility that cord blood stem cells could be used for other purposes, the World Marrow Donor Association and European Group on Ethics in Science and New Technologies states "The possibility of using ones own cord blood stem cells for regenerative medicine is currently purely hypothetical....It is therefore highly hypothetical that cord blood cells kept for autologous use will be of any value in the future and the legitimacy of commercial cord blood banks for autologous use should be questioned as they sell a service which has presently no real use regarding therapeutic options.[9][10]
In the United States, the Food and Drug Administration regulates cord blood under the category of Human Cells, Tissues, and Cellular and Tissue Based-Products. The Code of Federal Regulations under which the FDA regulates public and private cord blood banks is Title 21 Section 1271.[11] Several states also require accreditation, including New York, New Jersey, and California. Any company not accredited within those states are not legally permitted to collect cord blood from those states, even if the company is based out of state. Potential clients can check the New York accreditation status from the New York Umbilical Cord Blood Banks Licensed to Collect in New York.[12] Both public and private cord blood banks are also eligible for voluntary accreditation with either the American Association of Blood Banks (AABB) or the Foundation for the Accreditation of Cellular Therapy (FACT). Potential clients can check the current accreditation status of laboratories from the AABB list of accredited cord blood laboratories or the FACT search engine of accredited cord blood banks (on their home page).[13] Other countries also have regulations pertaining to cord blood.[14]
Cord blood collection happens after the umbilical cord has been cut and is extracted from the fetal end of the cord, diverting up to 75 +/- 23mL from the neonate. It is usually done within ten minutes of giving birth. Additional stem cells may be collected from the placenta. After the health care provider draws the cord blood from the placental end of the umbilical cord, the placenta is couriered to the stem cell laboratory, where it is processed for additional stem cells. An adequate cord blood collection requires at least 75mL in order to ensure that there will be enough cells to be used for a transplantation. Before the cord blood is stored for later use, it undergoes viral testing, including tests for HIV and Hepatitis B and C, and tissue typing to determine Human Leukocyte Antigen type. It will also be examined for nucleated cell count, cell viability, blood group antigen ABO & Rh blood group system, molecule cluster (CD34), and bacterial and fungal growth.
After the collection, the cord blood unit is shipped to the lab and processed, and then cryopreserved. There are many ways to process a cord blood unit, and there are differing opinions on what the best way is. Some processing methods separate out the red blood cells and remove them, while others keep the red blood cells. However the unit is processed, a cryopreservant is added to the cord blood to allow the cells to survive the cryogenic process. After the unit is slowly cooled to 90C, it can then be added to a liquid nitrogen tank which will keep the cord blood unit frozen at 196C. The slow freezing process is important to keep the cells alive during the freezing process. There is no consensus yet on optimal procedures for these cord blood cells, although many cryopreservation strategies suggest using dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO), slow or controlled rate cooling, and rapid thawing.
Cord blood stem cells (though usually from donors) are currently used in the treatment of several life-threatening conditions, mainly blood and immune system related genetic diseases, cancers, and blood disorders. The first clinically documented use of cord blood stem cells was in the successful treatment of a six-year-old boy afflicted by Fanconi anemia in 1988. Since then, cord blood has become increasingly recognized as a source of stem cells that can be used in stem cell therapy.[3] Recent studies have shown that cord blood has unique advantages over traditional bone marrow transplantation, particularly in children, and can be life-saving in rare cases where a suitable bone-marrow donor cannot be found. Cord blood stem cells can also be used for siblings and other members of your family who have a matching tissue type. Siblings have a 25% chance of compatibility, and the cord blood may even be a match for parents (50%) and grandparents.[3]
Public cord blood banks function like public blood banks, in that they accept donations from anyone, discard donations that fail to meet various quality control standards, and use national registries to find recipients for their samples. Since patients who need cord blood frequently need more cells than a single collection would have provided, public banks frequently combined multiple samples together when preparing the treatment for a single patient. Unlike bone marrow transplantation, cord blood transplantation doesn't require an exact genetic match, which makes it easier to provide patients samples from unrelated donors.[3] The percentage of public bank donations discarded as medical waste is often cited to be between 60 and 80%. Some of this is due to contamination that occasionally occurs during collection or complications arising from shipping, though this is mostly due to the fact that most cord blood collections fail to collect enough usable cells.[14] Because matches are almost always likely to be better in a public than a private bank, and cord blood from public banks doesn't suffer from the problems it commonly suffers from at private banks (such as potential lower quality control and lower medical usefulness of using a patient's own potentially diseased cord blood), public cord blood banking has been more widely accepted by the medical community.[1] One important obstacle facing public banks is the high cost required to maintain them, which has prevented more than a handful from opening. Because public banks do not charge storage fees, medical centers do not always have the funds required to establish and maintain them.[15]
A recent large study by the journal Pediatrics concluded that almost all cord blood transplants come from public banks:[16]
In the Pediatrics study, transplant specialists who collectively have performed thousands of stem cell transplants for childhood leukemia and other illnesses report that only 50 involved privately banked blood. (Support for public cord-blood banking is widespread in the medical community.) Forty-one cases involved blood used to treat a family member, often a sibling; in 36 of those cases the need for a transplant was known before the cord blood was collected. Only nine cases involved giving cord blood back to the donor, a practice known as autologous transplantation and the chief selling point for private cord-blood banking.
Private banking is typically costly to parents and not covered by insurance. The ability to use the cord blood may also depend on the long-term commercial viability of the enterprise.[7] Accordingly, whether cord blood banking is a worthwhile expenditure for the expectant parent depends in part upon whether the expenditure is offset by the likelihood of ultimately using the cord blood and by the benefits of such use.[7] It is important to ensure the credentials of any potential private bank. In the United States, the Food and Drug Administration regulates cord blood under the category of Human Cells, Tissues, and Cellular and Tissue Based-Products. Since the FDA considers cord blood stored at public banks to be "drugs", but doesn't consider cord blood stored at private banks for use by the donor to be drugs, private banks are held to a lower regulatory standard.[14]
Cord blood transplants require less stringent matching between the tissue types of the donor and patient, known as their human leukocyte antigen (HLA) types. Bone marrow transplants require a complete match on six key antigens, which are measures of graft-versus-host reaction, known as a 6/6 match. Cord blood transplants achieve the same medical success with only a 4/6 match.[14] HLA type is inherited from both parents, so siblings are particularly likely to be a match, and people from the same ethnic heritage are more likely to match. Minority ethnic groups have difficulty finding a perfectly matched transplant donor. Studies have found that allogeneic transplants have a better outcome when the donor and patient are related. The odds that two siblings will have the 6/6 match required for a bone marrow transplant are 25%.[7] The odds that two siblings will have the 4/6 match required for a cord blood transplant are 39%.
The policy of the Society of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists of Canada (SOGC) supports public cord blood banking (similar to the collection and banking of other blood products, i.e. altruistic, anyone can use it), as well as stating that it should only be considered under certain circumstances. The policy of the American Academy of Pediatrics states that "private storage of cord blood as 'biological insurance' is unwise" unless there is a family member with a current or potential need to undergo a stem cell transplantation. Private storage of one's own cord blood is unlawful in Italy and France, and it is also discouraged in some other European countries.[1]
The American Society for Blood and Marrow Transplantation states that public donation of cord blood is encouraged where possible, the probability of using one's own cord blood is very small, and therefore storage of cord blood for personal use is not recommended, and family member banking (collecting and storing cord blood for a family member) is recommended when there is a sibling with a disease that may be treated successfully with an allogeneic transplant.
As of 2007, contracts of the largest cord blood banks do not explicitly state that the cord blood belongs to the donors and child with all the rights and privileges one would reasonably expect from ownership. The ambiguity leaves open future uses not approved by the donors and child. At the majority of private cord blood banking facilities, the mother owns all rights to the cord blood that was banked, until the minor in which the cord blood was taken turns eighteen. At that time the minor has all rights to his or her own banked cord blood.[citation needed]
Concerns have been raised that the current interest in cord blood could cause a perception that cord blood is "unused" by the birth process, thus decreasing the amount of blood which is infused into the child as part of the birth process.[3] The pulsation of the cord pushes blood into the child, and it has been recommended that the cord cease pulsation prior to clamping. With the demand for cord blood increasing, there is a possibility that the cord could be clamped prematurely to preserve even more "extra" cord blood. The American Academy of Pediatricians notes: "if cord clamping is done too soon after birth, the infant may be deprived of a placental blood transfusion, resulting in lower blood volume and increased risk for anemia."[3]
Using one's own cord blood cells might not be wise or effective, especially in cases of childhood cancers and leukemia. Children who develop an immunological disorder often are unable to use their own cord blood for transplant because the blood also contains the same genetic defect.[9]
Additional issues include the possible contamination of the cord blood unit with the same cancer diagnosed later in life; for example, abnormal cells have been detected in filters containing newborn blood of children who were not diagnosed with acute leukemia until the age of 2 to 6 years. The high relapse rates after autologous or syngeneic transplant and the benefit of a graft-vs.-leukemia effect of an allogeneic transplant suggest that autologous cord blood would not be the ideal source of stem cells for patients with leukemia needing a transplant.[citation needed]
The public in the United States has a general awareness of embryonic stem cells because of the stem cell controversy. However, cord blood stem cells (hematopoietic stem cells) are not embryonic stem cells (pluripotent stem cells).[2][3]
View post:
- Therapeutic effect and study of human umbilical cord blood mononuclear cells in patients with ischaemic bowel ... - Nature.com - March 17th, 2024
- Global Cord Blood & Tissue Banking Industry Report 2024: The Vast Majority of the Global Cord Blood Market is Now ... - PR Newswire - March 15th, 2024
- Improving Transplant Outcomes and Cell Therapy Approaches - RegMedNet - March 9th, 2024
- The inhibition of ADAM17 in cord blood stem cell-derived CD16+ NK cells to enhance their cytotoxicity against acute ... - ScienceDirect.com - March 1st, 2024
- Beating Blood Cancer through Recycling - a Community crowdfunding project in Liverpool by Kate Williams - Crowdfunder UK - February 24th, 2024
- Cord Blood Registry (CBR ) by CooperSurgical and Fulgent Genetics Launch Innovative Genetic Testing - Investing.com Canada - February 9th, 2024
- Young cancer patient with 'no hope' of recovery saved by baby's umbilical cord - Study Finds - February 9th, 2024
- Global Cord Blood & Tissue Banking Industry Report 2024 - The Vast Majority of the Global Cord Blood Market is Now ... - ACROFAN - January 26th, 2024
- Finding the optimal combination of anticancer drug administration for the conditioning of cord blood transplantation - Medical Xpress - January 26th, 2024
- Cord Blood Banking Market Sales and Revenue Report 2023-2032 - WhaTech Technology and Markets News - January 26th, 2024
- Global Cord Blood & Tissue Banking Industry Report 2024 - The Vast Majority of the Global Cord Blood Market is Now ... - ACROFAN USA - January 24th, 2024
- Global Biobanking Market Size To Exceed USD 97.5 Billion By 2032 | CAGR of 5.8% - GlobeNewswire - January 24th, 2024
- The use of cryopreservation in life saving research - The Manufacturer - January 24th, 2024
- CD19-targeted CAR NK cell therapy achieves promising one-year results in patients with B-cell malignancies - Medical Xpress - January 18th, 2024
- Cord blood banking comes at a high cost to babies - STAT - STAT - January 18th, 2024
- Global Cord Blood and Tissue Banking Industry Gains Traction Amidst Surging M&A Activity and Technological Advances - PR Newswire - January 16th, 2024
- Donating Bone Marrow and Stem Cells: The Process and What To Expect - On Cancer - Memorial Sloan Kettering - January 11th, 2024
- Ask the doctors: Research being conducted on using stem cells to treat diabetes - The Spokesman Review - January 4th, 2024
- askST: Can cord blood units be transferred from one bank to another? - The Straits Times - December 27th, 2023
- Timeline: Cordlife's mishandling of cord blood units in Singapore - CNA - December 15th, 2023
- Next-Level Evolution: Enhancing the Human Body With Anthrobots ... - Securities.io - December 5th, 2023
- Fred Hutch at ASH: Gene therapies for sickle cell, how to improve ... - Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center - December 5th, 2023
- Enhancing the immunosuppressive properties of human umbilical ... - Phys.org - December 1st, 2023
- Global Status and Trends for Thromboangiitis Obliterans | JPR - Dove Medical Press - December 1st, 2023
- Early Stage Cell Therapy Trial Shows Promise in Treating Progressive Multiple Sclerosis - University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus - December 1st, 2023
- Global Medical Specialty Bag Market is Expected to Reach US$ 9.4 Billion by 2034, Rising at a Steady 4.7% CAGR | Future Market Insights, Inc. - Yahoo... - November 29th, 2023
- Repeated concussions can alter heart activity and impact the heart ... - Philippine Canadian Inquirer - November 29th, 2023
- Vita 34 increases revenue and earnings in Q3 2023 and further ... - PharmiWeb.com - November 27th, 2023
- Vita 34 increases revenue and earnings in Q3 2023 and further ... - Marketscreener.com - November 25th, 2023
- FY 2021 VA-Funded Projects - VA's Office of Research and Development - November 25th, 2023
- New study aims to expand access to stem cell transplant using ... - Healio - November 23rd, 2023
- Impact of GVHD Prophylaxis on CMV Reactivation and Disease ... - Cancer Network - November 23rd, 2023
- The Top 25 Women Leaders in Biotechnology of 2023 - The Healthcare Technology Report. - November 21st, 2023
- First Edition: November 20, 2023 - KFF Health News - November 21st, 2023
- An essential guide to the building blocks of life - Gates Notes - November 21st, 2023
- A Simple Way to Save Premature Babies - The New York Times - November 19th, 2023
- Perspectives of current understanding and therapeutics of Diamond ... - Nature.com - November 17th, 2023
- Brain Organoids: Should They Be Considered People? - BBVA OpenMind - November 17th, 2023
- Understanding the cause of childhood Alzheimer's - ASBMB Today - November 17th, 2023
- Peripheral nerve regeneration through nanofiber scaffolds | IJN - Dove Medical Press - November 15th, 2023
- Are STEM CELL EXOSOMES the secret to a 'snatched' jawline? Discover the products that influencers are claiming - Daily Mail - November 13th, 2023
- CAR-NK: The next generation in hematological malignancy treatment - News-Medical.Net - November 13th, 2023
- Regenerative Medicine | Top Regenerative Medicine Solution ... - Healthcare Tech Outlook - November 13th, 2023
- Stem cell therapy, emerging solution to slow down ageing - Punch Newspapers - November 13th, 2023
- Improving Cord Blood Transplantation Outcomes for Adults With ... - On Cancer - Memorial Sloan Kettering - November 11th, 2023
- 8 Ways To Save Lives With Canadian Blood Services & You Can ... - Narcity Canada - November 11th, 2023
- Internal investigation by Vita 34 AG reveals irregularities related to a ... - Marketscreener.com - November 11th, 2023
- 'We worried the worst would happen' - Yorkshire Children's Trust ... - The Yorkshire Post - November 11th, 2023
- Minor GPI(-) granulocyte populations in aplastic anemia and healthy ... - Nature.com - November 9th, 2023
- Repeated treatment with ProTrans is immunologically safe ... - Marketscreener.com - November 7th, 2023
- Affimed Announces Oral Presentation of Phase 1/2 Data from AFM13 in Combination with Allogeneic NK Cells - Benzinga - November 7th, 2023
- Health Canada issues warning on cord blood stored in Edmonton - CBC News - November 3rd, 2023
- Affimed Announces Oral Presentation of Phase 1/2 Data from AFM13 in Combination with Allogeneic NK Cells at the 2023 ASH Annual Meeting - Yahoo... - November 3rd, 2023
- Dynamic Stem Cell Therapy Uncovers Research in Advance ... - InvestorsObserver - November 3rd, 2023
- Go with the flow and achieve hearing restoration - Drug Discovery News - November 3rd, 2023
- Cell Therapy Market to Witness Exponential Growth by 2031 ... - Argyle Report - November 1st, 2023
- Cross-talk between Myeloid and B Cells Shapes the Distinct ... - Cancer Discovery - November 1st, 2023
- Comparison of effects of HucMSCs, exosomes, and conditioned ... - Nature.com - October 28th, 2023
- The structural and functional complexity of the integrative ... - Science - October 28th, 2023
- Global Primary Cells Market to Witness Growth at 11.41% CAGR to ... - GlobeNewswire - October 26th, 2023
- Hma-Qubec celebrates 25 years of giving life in anniversary ad - - The Message - October 26th, 2023
- Improvement of thermal-stability of chondroitinase ABCI immobilized ... - Nature.com - October 26th, 2023
- Sydney Couple Overcomes Sperm Antibody Issue to Welcome Baby - OPP.Today - October 24th, 2023
- New Research Reveals Surprising Issue with Sperm and Fertility - CityLife - October 24th, 2023
- Biobanking Market to Observe Prominent CAGR of 6.10% by 2029 ... - PharmiWeb.com - October 21st, 2023
- TV shows like BBC's Call The Midwife and C4's One Born Every Minute 'are inaccurately depicting childbirth' an - Daily Mail - October 19th, 2023
- Advances in medical and technological research and SCI - Clyde & Co - October 18th, 2023
- Prognostic Value of Hematogones in Patients With Hematopoietic ... - Cureus - October 18th, 2023
- Stem-Cell Therapy: Filling Gaps in Oro-Maxillofacial Region - Cureus - October 18th, 2023
- The neonatal southern white rhinoceros ovary contains oogonia in ... - Nature.com - October 18th, 2023
- OMG: Sperm injury led to rare baby struggle - news.com.au - October 18th, 2023
- Experts Explain how MS Impacts the Eyes and Eye Health - Health Central - October 18th, 2023
- Newly identified stem cells can lure breast cancer to the spine - Science News Magazine - October 15th, 2023
- Cases of HIV cure | aidsmap - aidsmap - October 15th, 2023
- HokUS-10 scoring system predicts the treatment outcome for ... - Nature.com - October 13th, 2023
- Birth Control Predicted That We Wouldn't Need Sperm To Create ... - Evie Magazine - October 13th, 2023
- Are Nanofat Procedures the Future of Plastic Surgery? - POPSUGAR - October 13th, 2023
- Coeptis Therapeutics Expands License Agreement with University of ... - PR Newswire - October 13th, 2023
- Prognostic impact of the cross-sectional area of the erector spinae ... - Nature.com - October 13th, 2023
- Genentechs Ocrevus Twice-Yearly Provided Near-Complete ... - Everything South City - October 13th, 2023
Recent Comments